翻譯的標準 The criteria(standard)of translation

　　信達雅 Fidelity(faithfulness) Fluency(expressiveness) Elegance(flair)

　　透徹的理解 have a thorough understanding

　　準確的表達 precise(accurate) expression

　　意譯 free (liberal) translation

　　直譯 literal translation

　　死譯 word-for-word translation

　　活譯 dynamic equivalence translation

　　重譯 repetition

　　增譯 (contextual) amplification

　　減譯 omission

　　詞類轉移 conversion

　　詞序調整 inversion

　　分譯 division

　　正說反譯/反說正譯 negation

　　語態(tài)變換 the change of the voice

　　歸化/異化 Foreignizing/ Alienation; Domesticating/ Adaptation

　　對等 equivalence

　　形式對等 formal correspondence

　　動態(tài)(靈活)對等 dynamic equivalence

　　意義對等 equivalence in terms of meaning

　　風格對等 equivalence in terms of style

　　意合 Parataxis

　　形合 Hypotaxis

　　欠額翻譯(過載翻譯)under translation (overloaded translation)

　　校核 rectification

　　釋義 paraphrase

　　翻譯學 translatology

　　翻譯科學 science of translating

　　神似 be alike in spirit (be an excellent likeness)

　　化鏡 sublimity (perfection)

　　已入化境 reach(attain) perfection

　　和諧 harmonious

　　和諧一致 in perfect harmony

　　不僅形似而且神似 be alike not only in appearance(form) but also in spirit

　　寧信而不雅 It is better to be faithful than to be elegant

　　寧順而不信，寧信而不順

　　It is better to have a smooth version than a faithful one

　　Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language)

　　保持原文的豐姿 keep the full flavor of the original work

　　忠實通順 Faithful(ness) and smooth(ness) (clear and coherent)

　　忠實的譯文 translation true to the original

　　忠實于原文 true(faithful) to the original

　　句子不通 the sentence doesn’t read smoothly

　　他的翻譯通順易懂 his interpretation is coherent and intelligible

　　(泰特勒Tytler提出的)翻譯三原則：

　　1， 譯文應完整地再現(xiàn)原文的思想內容

　　That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work

　　2， 譯文的風格，筆調應與原文的性質相同

　　That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original

　　3， 譯文應象原文一樣自然流暢

　　That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition

　　Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have

　　1. a good command of the source language

　　2. a good command of the target language

　　3. a wide range and scope of knowledge

　　4. a high political consciousness

　　5. a necessary knowledge of basic techniques (skills) used in translation